Directive 2005/35/EC on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements was adopted in 2005. Its main objective was to transpose into the European law the standards introduced by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) related to the prohibition of polluting discharges into the sea and to specify the sanctions to be imposed. Th ...

On 3 May 1996 the IMO adopted the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention 1996) which has not yet entered into force. It will enter into force 18 months after at least 12 States, including 4 with a minimum gross tonnage of 2 milion tons, have expressed their consent and if the pers ...

The Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims provides for the right of shipowners (charterers, managers, operators, etc.) and salvors to limit their liability for a variety of maritime claims related to the operation of a ship (e.g. in respect of loss of life or personal injury and loss or damage to property, including damage occurred during salvage operations) to an amount calcu ...